• Center for Academic Excellence
• Writing Center
• Discipline-Specific Advice
• Biology & Chemistry Tips

Biology & Chemistry Tips

Objective:  A clear and concise statement of the scientific problem, its goals, and the general approach to solving the problem must be stated.  State and explain your hypothesis to the laboratory problem.

Format:  All proper scientific reports must include:

1.  Abstract
2.  Introduction
3.  Experimental Methods and Materials
4.  Data/Results
5.  Discussion
6.  Conclusion

The physical appearance of the report, including paper size, margins, font size, line spacing, page numbers, footers, titles and title pages, graphics, etc., are standardized.

Bibliography/Citations:  In general, a researcher should include a reference for every factual assertion made that is not based upon the evidence in the text.  Most scientists refer to the American Chemical Society publications, manuals, or various scientific texts as resources.

Type and Presentation of Evidence:  Objective data gathered from experimentation is primarily used. This section (Data/Results) should present the major experimental results obtained, including the original data and all necessary calculations.  All relevant information and assumptions made in the collection of all data should be included.  For clarity, the usage of tables, graphs, and figures, are pertinent.  Tables, graphs, and figures should be clearly described in terms of the results.

Style:  When writing a scientific report, a researcher must always use passive voice except in the Experimental Methods and Materials division, one uses first person plural.  All sections are written in paragraph style, with the exception of the Experimental Methods and Materials division.  The subsection of equipment within this division, allows the researcher to use numbering only when listing equipment.  When writing a report, clear organizational flow with a well-developed logical framework is essential alongside logically developed paragraphs.  Always be concise.  Application of all the rules of good style is essential for a solid report:  correct spelling, proper subject-verb agreement, complete sentences, and the use of parallel construction.

Note:  Click here to find a more detailed description of a "standardized" scientific report. Keep in mind that each member of the scientific discipline have their own conventions and standards in regards to scientific reports, therefore, use this information solely as a writing tool.